feminism

The globalization of feminism

Twentieth-century European and American feminism eventually reached into Asia, Africa, and Latin America. As this happened, women in developed countries, especially intellectuals, were horrified to discover that women in some countries were required to wear veils in public or to endure forced marriage, female infanticide, widow burning, or clitoridectomy. Many Western feminists soon perceived themselves as saviours of Third World women, little realizing that their perceptions of and solutions to social problems were often at odds with the real lives and concerns of women in these regions. In many parts of Africa, for example, the status of women had begun to erode significantly only with the arrival of European colonialism. In those regions, then, the notion that patriarchy was the chief problem—rather than European imperialism—seemed absurd.

The conflicts between women in developed and developing nations have played out most vividly at international conferences. After the 1980 World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace in Copenhagen, women from less-developed nations complained that the veil and female genital surgery had been chosen as conference priorities without consulting the women most concerned. It seemed that their counterparts in the West were not listening to them. During the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, women from the Third World protested outside because they believed the agenda had been hijacked by Europeans and Americans. The protesters had expected to talk about ways that underdevelopment was holding women back. Instead, conference organizers chose to focus on contraception and abortion. “[Third World women] noted that they could not very well worry about other matters when their children were dying from thirst, hunger or war,” wrote Azizah al-Hibri, a law professor and scholar of Muslim women's rights. “The conference instead centred around reducing the number of Third World babies in order to preserve the earth's resources, despite (or is it ‘because of') the fact that the First World consumes much of these resources.” Even in Beijing, at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, Third World women criticized the priority American and European women put on reproductive rights language and issues of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and their disinterest in the platform proposal that was most important to less-developed nations—that of restructuring international debt.

Still, around the world, women are advancing their interests, although often in fits and starts. Feminism was derailed in countries such as Afghanistan, where the staunchly reactionary and antifeminist Taliban banned even the education of girls. Elsewhere, however, feminism achieved significant gains for women, as seen in the eradication of female genital surgery in many African countries or government efforts to end widow burning in India. More generally, and especially in the West, feminism has influenced every aspect of contemporary life, communication, and debate, from the heightened concern over sexist language to the rise of academic fields such as women's studies and ecofeminism. Sports, divorce laws, sexual mores, organized religion—all have been affected, in many parts of the world, by feminism.

Yet questions remain: How will Western feminism deal with the dissension in its ranks, from women who believe the movement has gone too far and grown too radical? How uniform and successful can feminism be at the global level? Can the problems confronting women in the mountains of Pakistan or the deserts of the Middle East be addressed in isolation, or must such issues be pursued through international forums? Given the economic, political, and cultural situations that vary from country to country, the answer to these questions may look quite different in Nairobi than in New York.

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  Introduction
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  History of feminism
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    The ancient world
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    Influence of the Enlightenment
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    The suffrage movement
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  Contemporary feminism in the West
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    The postsuffrage era
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    The “second wave” of feminism
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      Dissension and debate
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      The race factor
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  The globalization of feminism
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  Additional Reading